1. History of Internet

 

History of the Internet

The Internet has changed the world completely. But how did it start? The story began in the 1960s, when the United States government wanted a communication system that could survive a nuclear attack.

In 1969, a small network called ARPANET connected four university computers. At first, only scientists and military specialists used it. They sent simple text messages to each other. The network was growing slowly, but it was showing great potential.

In the 1970s, engineers created a new protocol called TCP/IP. This protocol allowed different networks to communicate with each other. Before this invention, networks could not share information. TCP/IP became the foundation of the modern Internet.

During the 1980s, personal computers became more affordable. People started using networks at home and work. Universities were already using email regularly. In 1989, a British scientist named Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web. He wanted to help scientists share documents easily. His invention changed everything. People could browse websites, read articles, and send emails from computers.

By the late 1990s, the Internet had reached millions of homes. Companies like Google and Amazon appeared and started growing fast. People were buying products online, searching for information, and chatting with friends.

Today, more than five billion people use the Internet every day. We watch videos, study, work, and communicate through it. New technologies like artificial intelligence and cloud computing are shaping the future right now. Nobody knows what the Internet will look like in fifty years, but one thing is certain: it will continue to connect people and change lives.

(258 слов)

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Грамматический комментарий

В тексте повторяются следующие времена, которые отрабатываются в заданиях:

Время	Пример из текста
Present Perfect	has changed
Past Simple	began, connected, used, sent
Past Continuous	was growing, was showing
Past Perfect	had reached
Present Simple	use, watch, knows
Present Continuous	are shaping
Future Simple	will continue, will look

Задания

Уровень 1 — Базовый (A2–B1)

Task 1. True, False or Not stated. Отметь утверждения (T / F / NS).

1.    ARPANET was a large network with many computers. —

2.    TCP/IP helped different networks communicate with each other. —

3.    Tim Berners-Lee was American. —

4.    Google and Amazon appeared in the 1980s. —

5.    Today people use the Internet only at work. —

Task 2. Match the dates with the events. Соедини дату и событие.

Date	Event
1. 1969	a) Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web
2. 1970s	b) ARPANET connected four university computers
3. 1989	c) TCP/IP protocol was created
4. 1990s	d) The Internet reached millions of homes

Task 3. Fill in the gaps. Вставь пропущенные слова из списка: network, protocol, affordable, browse, communicate.

1.    Engineers created a new ____ called TCP/IP.

2.    Personal computers became more ____.

3.    People could ____ websites, read articles, and send emails.

4.    ARPANET was a small ____ that connected four computers.

5.    This protocol allowed different networks to ____ with each other.

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Уровень 2 — Средний (B1)

Task 4. Open the brackets using the correct tense. Раскрой скобки, поставив глагол в нужное время из текста.

1.    The Internet ___ (change) the world completely. (Present Perfect)

2.    In 1969, a small network ___ (connect) four university computers. (Past Simple)

3.    The network ___ (grow) slowly, but it ___ (show) great potential. (Past Continuous)

4.    By the late 1990s, the Internet ___ (reach) millions of homes. (Past Perfect)

5.    New technologies ___ (shape) the future right now. (Present Continuous)

6.    Nobody ___ (know) what the Internet will look like in fifty years. (Present Simple)

Task 5. Answer the questions. Ответь на вопросы полным предложением.

1.    Why did the US government want a new communication system?

2.    What could people do after Tim Berners-Lee's invention?

3.    What were people doing online by the late 1990s?

4.    Which new technologies are shaping the future today?

Task 6. Find synonyms in the text. Найди в тексте синонимы к следующим словам.

1.    cheap →

2.    created / made →

3.    send (messages) →

4.    base / starting point →

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Уровень 3 — Продвинутый (B1–B2)

Task 7. Rewrite the sentences. Перепиши предложения, изменив время, как указано в скобках.

1.    The Internet has changed the world. → (Past Simple)

2.    People were buying products online. → (Present Continuous)

3.    New technologies are shaping the future. → (Future Simple)

4.    The Internet had reached millions of homes. → (Present Perfect)

Task 8. Mini-project. Напиши 5–7 предложений на тему «How I use the Internet». Используй минимум три разных времени: Present Simple, Present Continuous и Past Simple.

Task 9. Discussion. Обсудите в парах или группах.

1.    Can you imagine life without the Internet? What would be different?

2.    Which invention from the text do you think was the most important? Why?

3.    What do you think the Internet will look like in 50 years?

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Ключи

Task 1: 1 — F (small network, four computers), 2 — T, 3 — F (British), 4 — F (late 1990s), 5 — F (every day, not only at work).

Task 2: 1 — b, 2 — c, 3 — a, 4 — d.

Task 3: 1 — protocol, 2 — affordable, 3 — browse, 4 — network, 5 — communicate.

Task 4: 1 — has changed, 2 — connected, 3 — was growing / was showing, 4 — had reached, 5 — are shaping, 6 — knows.

Task 6: 1 — affordable, 2 — created / invented, 3 — sent, 4 — foundation.

Task 7: 1 — The Internet changed the world. 2 — People are buying products online. 3 — New technologies will shape the future. 4 — The Internet has reached millions of homes.

 

 

 Определения основных лексических единиц из текста, адаптированные для уровня B1.

Лексическая единица	Определение (на английском)	Перевод и пояснение
The Internet	A global system of interconnected computer networks that allows people to share information, communicate, and access services.	Интернет — глобальная система взаимосвязанных компьютерных сетей, которая позволяет людям обмениваться информацией, общаться и пользоваться разными сервисами.
ARPANET	The first network that served as a prototype for the modern Internet; it connected computers at universities and research centers in the 1960s and 1970s.	ARPANET — первая сеть, ставшая прототипом современного Интернета; она соединяла компьютеры в университетах и исследовательских центрах в 1960–1970-х годах.
TCP/IP	Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol; a set of rules (protocols) that allows different computers and networks to communicate with each other.	TCP/IP (протокол управления передачей / интернет‑протокол) — набор правил, которые позволяют разным компьютерам и сетям обмениваться данными.
Protocol	A set of rules or procedures for transmitting data between electronic devices.	Протокол — набор правил или процедур для передачи данных между электронными устройствами.
Network	A group of interconnected computers or devices that share resources and information.	Сеть — группа взаимосвязанных компьютеров или устройств, которые обмениваются ресурсами и информацией.
World Wide Web (WWW)	A system of interlinked hypertext documents accessed via the Internet; commonly called “the web”.	Всемирная паутина (WWW) — система взаимосвязанных гипертекстовых документов, доступ к которым осуществляется через Интернет; обычно её называют «вебом».
Tim Berners-Lee	A British scientist who invented the World Wide Web in 1989 to help scientists share documents more easily.	Тим Бернерс‑Ли — британский учёный, который изобрёл Всемирную паутину в 1989 году, чтобы учёным было проще обмениваться документами.
Email	Electronic mail; a method of exchanging digital messages between people using computers or other devices.	Электронная почта — способ обмена цифровыми сообщениями между людьми с помощью компьютеров или других устройств.
Affordable	Not expensive; cheap enough for most people to buy.	Доступный (по цене) — недорогой, достаточно дешёвый, чтобы его могли купить большинство людей.
Browse	To look at websites or pages on the Internet in a casual way, without a specific goal.	Просматривать, «бродить» по сайтам — просматривать веб‑сайты или страницы в Интернете без конкретной цели.
Communicate	To share information, ideas, or feelings with someone, for example by speaking, writing, or using technology.	Общаться — обмениваться информацией, идеями или чувствами с кем‑либо, например, разговаривая, переписываясь или с помощью технологий.
Artificial Intelligence (AI)	The simulation of human intelligence in machines that are programmed to think and learn like humans.	Искусственный интеллект (ИИ) — имитация человеческого интеллекта в машинах, которые запрограммированы думать и учиться как люди.
Cloud Computing	A technology that allows users to store and access data and programs over the Internet instead of on their own computer’s hard drive.	Облачные вычисления — технология, которая позволяет пользователям хранить данные и программы и получать к ним доступ через Интернет, а не на жёстком диске своего компьютера.
Connect	To join or link computers or devices together so they can share information.	Соединять, подключать — объединять компьютеры или устройства, чтобы они могли обмениваться информацией.
Foundation	The basic structure or principle on which something is built.	Основа — базовая структура или принцип, на котором что‑либо строится.