By the Constitution of 1787 (and the amendments to it) the government of the USA is composed of three branches: the executive one, the legislative one, and the judicial one.
The highest executive power in the United States is vested in the President of the United States, who is elected for a term of 4 years by electors of each state. The Presidential election is held every four years in November. The President of the USA must be a native-born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years and at least 35 years old. The President is to carry out the programmes of the Government, to recommend much of the legislation to the Congress. He is to appoint Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries and heads of various government departments, called secretaries.
The legislative power belongs to the Congress of the United States consisting of two chambers: the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate is composed of two members from each state elected for a term of 6 years, one third being elected every two years. The number of representatives from each state to the House of Representatives depends on the number of people in each particular state. In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must pass both the Houses and must be signed by the President. An important role in the American legislation is played by so-called “lobbyists” . They are often more influential than Congressmen themselves.
The Supreme Court is the highest judicial organ of the United States and the head of the judicial branch of power. The Supreme Court consists of the Chief Justice of the USA and a number of Associate Justices.
The United States is divided into 11 judicial circuits, each one being served with a Federal Court of Appeals. There are about 90 district courts in different parts of the United States. The district courts are the lowest ones in the Federal court system. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by these courts. Each state has a constitution similar to the Constitution of the entire nation and all the power in each state is divided into executive, legislative and judicial. The head of each state is the governor of the state. Each state has each own system of courts similar to that of the Federal courts.
Ex. 13. Give as many word combinations as you can with the giver words:
to elect (на срок, президента, сенатора, представителя, депутата и т. д.)
to appoint (государственного секретаря, посла, председателя суда, помощников судьи, прокурора, судью и т.д.)
to try (уголовное дело, гражданское дело и т. д.)
Ex. 14. Confirm or deny the statements using the following phrases: Quite so... Right you are... I quite agree with you here... I am afraid not... I don’t agree with you... I am afraid you are wrong... Excuse me but... On the contrary... Not only...; not quite so...
1. The government o f the USA is composed o f three branches. 2. The executive power in the United States is vested in the Congress. 3. The US President must be 40 years old. 4. The President of the USA carries out the programmes o f the Government. 5. The President o f the USA appoints secretaries of the Government. 6. The Congress o f the United States heads the legislative power. 7. The Congress of the United States is the highest executive and the President is the highest legislative power in the USA. 8. In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must be signed by the President. 9. The Supreme Court is the head of the judicial branch of power in America. 10. The Supreme Court consists o f the C hief Justicc of the USA and a number of the Associate Justices. 11. There are 11 judicial circuits in the United States. 12. Most of the criminal and civil cases are tried by district courts in the USA. 13. Each state in the USA has a constitution similar to the Constitution o f the entire nation.
Ex. 15. Read the sentences completing them according to the text:
1. By the Constitution o f 1787 (and the amendments to it) the government of the USA is composed of . . . . 2. The executive power in the USA is vested in the President of the USA who 3. The President o f the United States is to carry out ... , to appoint ... , to recommend.... 4 .... must be a native-born citizen, resident in the country for ..., and at least... years old. 5. The legislative power in the USA belongs to ... consisting of . . . . 6. The number of representatives from each state to the House of Representatives depends on .... 7. The Senate is composed of ... elected for a term of 6 years, one third being elcctcd every two years. 8. In order to become a law all bills and resolutions must.... 9. Lobbyists play an important role in the American .... 10. The highest judicial organ in the United States is ... consisting o f the Chief Justice o f the USA and a number of Associate Justices. 11. The lowest courts in the Federal court system are ... which try most of the criminal and civil cases. 12. The head of each state is ....
Ex. 16. Change the sentences using Passive Voice:
Model: A Federal Court of Appeals serves each judicial circuit. St.: Each judicial circuit is served by a Federal Court of Appeals.
1. The executive, legislative and judicial brandies of power compose the government of the USA. 2. A Federal Court of Appeals serves each judicial circuit. 3. Two members from each state elected for a term o f six years compose the Senate. 4. So-called “Lobbyists” play an important role in the American; legislation. 5. The district courts try most of the criminal and civil cases. 6. Electors from each state clcct the President o f the United States for a term of 4 years. The President recommends much of the legislation to the Congress. The President appoints Federal Judges, ambassadors to other countries. During the election campaign Reagan and his party spent much money in order to become the President of the USA.
Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the pronoun “one”:
1. The government o f the USA is composed of three branches: the executive one, the legislative one, and the judicial one. 2. The district courts arc the lowest ones in the Federal court system. 3. The constitutional system of each particular state is the one which is similar to that of the entire nation. 4. One can say that lobbyists in the American legislation arc very often more influential than the Congressmen. 5. Each voter in the US is in front of the choice between the candidates of two opposite parties: the republican one and the democratic one, whose political platforms are practically alike. 6. One should say that politics in the USA as in many other countries is “a commercial enterprise as any other one” . 7. In some countries the more money one can pay, the better lawyer one can have. 8. The USA is divided into 50 states; each one has its own constitution.
Ex. 18. Answer the following questions:
1. What branches is the government of the USA composed of? 2. Who does the highest executive power in the United States belong to? 3. What kind o f person must the President of the USA be? 4. What are some of the functions of the President? 5. Who is the legislative power vested in? 6. How many chambers docs the Congress consist of? 7. How many members are there in the Senate? in the House of Representatives? 8. What must all bills and resolutions pass in order to become a law? 9. What can you say about lobbyists? 10. What is the head of the judicial branch of power in the Unite States? 11. Who docs the Supreme Court of the United States consist of? 12. Where are most of the criminal and civil cases tried? 13. What kind of government does each state in the USA have?
Ex. 19. Read and translate the sentences with various forms of Participle:
2. Being divided into 11 judicial circuits the USA has a Federal Court of Appeal in each circuit.
3. Having passed both the Houses the bill became a law.
4. Being divided into executive, legislative and judicial branches, all power in each state is similar to that of the entire nation.
5. Having tried this uneasy ease the court passed a sentence.
6. Having arrived at the crime scene among the first, the investigator was able to question all persons present at the scene.
7. Being elected for a term of 4 years the President is to carry out the programme of the government.
8. Having been signed by the President the resolution came into force all over the country.
9. The number of paid lobbyists being three times greater than that of the members of the Congress, an important role in the American legislature is played by these lobbyists.
10. The political platform of the Republican and Democratic parties in the USA being alike, the Democrats and Republicans essentially conduct the similar policy.
11. Each court o f appeal in the circuit consists o f between 3 and 15 judges depending upon the amount of work in the circuit, the judge with the largest service, who has reached his 70th birthday, being the chief judge.
Ex. 21. Read the following international words properly, translate them: political, practical, standards, basic, to form, to interpret, historian, conservative, privileged class, position, preamble, pressure, satisfaction, guarantee, limit, individual, elementary, control, oligarchy, to regulate, petition.
Ex. 22. Read and translate the words. Use a dictionary if necessary:
language, regulations, custom, though, essentially, advantage, advantageous, widespread, significantly, bourgeois, to enumerate, to violate, enterprise, wealthy, at the expense of, unemployment, poverty, income, to profit.
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