Инфинитив на https://engblog.ru/infinitive
2. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
The Russian Federation was established by the Constitution of 1993. Under the Constitution Russia is a democratic federative law-governed state with a republican form of government. The Russian Federation consists of 83 constituent entities (republics, regions, and territories, cities of federal significance, the autonomous regions and one autonomous area, which have equal rights). The authorities of the constituent entities have the right to pass laws independently of the federal government. The laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation may not contradict federal laws. In case of conflicts between federal and local authorities, the President uses consensual procedures to resolve the problem. In the event a consensus is not reached, the dispute is transferred to the appropriate court for its resolution.
The President of the Russian Federation is the head of state. He is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.
The President organizes and heads the Security Council of Russia, signs treaties, enforces the law. The President appoints ministers, who are subject to approval by the Federal Assembly. He nominates judges to the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and the Higher Arbitration Court of the Russian Federation, and the Procurator-General of the Russian Federation.
The President has the right to introduce the state of emergency within the Russian Federation. He announces pre-term elections. He has the right to suspend the acts of executive bodies of the Russian Federation members, if they contradict the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws or the international obligations of the Russian Federation.
State power in the Russian Federation is exercised on the basis of its separation into legislative, executive and judicial branches. Each of them is balanced by the President.
The legislative power is vested in the Federal Assembly (the Parliament). It consists of two chambers: the Federation Council (the upper chamber) and the State Duma (the lower chamber). The two chambers of the Federal Assembly possess different powers and responsibilities, the State Duma being the more powerful.
The Federation Council includes two representatives from each constituent entity of the Russian Federation, one from the representative and one from the executive bodies of the subject of the Federation.
The State Duma consists of 450 deputies and is elected for a term of 4 years. In December 2008 the term was extended to 5 years. Each chamber elects a chairman (the Speaker) to control the internal procedures of the chamber.
The Federal Assembly is a permanently functioning body.
The Federation Council and the State Duma sit separately. Their sessions are open (public). Each of the Houses forms committees and commissions and holds hearings on the appropriate issues. Bills may be initiated by each chamber. But to become a law a bill must be approved by both chambers and signed by the President. The President may veto the bill.
The executive power is exercised by the Government which consists of the Chairman of the Government (the Prime Minister), deputy chairmen and federal ministers. The Prime Minister is appointed by the President with the consent of the State Duma. Should the selected candidate be rejected three times, the President appoints the Prime Minister himself, dissolves the State Duma and announces new elections.
The Prime Minister proposes to the President his candidates for the offices of federal ministers.
The Government presents a draft budget to be discussed by the State Duma and provides its implementation as well as realization of financial, credit and monetary policies. It carries out measures to ensure legality, rights and freedoms of citizens, protects property, public order and combats crimes.
The Government ensures state security and the realization of foreign policy. It pursues a uniform state policy in the sphere of culture, science, education, social security, health and ecology.
Justice in the Russian Federation is treated as a special type of state activity. It is administered by courts of law unified within a single judicial system which is independent of other state systems. The aim of justice in Russia is to safeguard both the citizens’ rights and interests as well as those of the state and individual institutions, enterprises and organizations. Judicial power is effected by means of constitutional, civil, administrative and criminal judicial proceedings. Judges are independent and subject only to the Constitution of the Russian Federation and federal law.
3. Подберите русские эквиваленты к следующим словам и выражениям из текста.
1) to be established by the Constitution
2) a law-governed state
3) a constituent entity
4) consensual procedures
5) a branch of power
6) to exercise power
7) to vest power in smb
8) to introduce a state of emergency
9) a draft budget
10) to dissolve Parliament
11) public order
12) to administer justice
13) to ensure legality
14) powers and responsibilities
15) to pursue a uniform state policy
4. Найдите в тексте английские эквиваленты.
1) республиканская форма правления
2) противоречить федеральным законам
3) подписывать договоры
4) постоянно действующий орган
5) представительный орган
6) кандидат на должность
7) быть избранным на срок
8) объявить новые выборы
9) проводить слушания
10) независимая государственная деятельность
11) судебная власть
12) государственная безопасность
13) исполнительная ветвь власти
14) внешняя политика
15) уголовное судопроизводство
16) обеспечивать права граждан
5. a) Образуйте соответствующие однокоренные слова и запишите их в таблицу.
Verb | Abstract noun | Person | Adjective | |
1. | govern |
|
|
|
2. |
| authority |
|
|
3. |
|
| representative |
|
4. | elect |
|
|
|
5. |
|
|
| legislative |
6. |
| execution |
| |
7. |
| xxxxxxxxxxxxxxx | federal |
б) Вспомните, в каких предложениях данные слова употреблялись в тексте.
6. Соотнесите русские словосочетания в левой колонке с их английскими эквивалентами в правой.
1) Совет безопасности 2) Федеральное Собрание 3) Генеральный прокурор 4) Помощник председателя 5) Совет Федерации 6) Совет Министров 7) Счетная палата 8) Верховный Суд 9) Субъект Федерации | a) the Accounting Chamber b) the Supreme Court c) the Federation Council d) constituent entity e) the Security Council f) the Procurator-General g) the Deputy Chairman h) the Council of Ministers i) the Federal Assembly |
7. Закончите предложения.
1. Russia is …
a) parliamentary republic. b) a presidential republic. c) a constitutional monarchy.
2. The Parliament consists of …
a) one branch only. b) two chambers. c) several committees.
3. The Federation Council and the State Duma sit …
a) separately. b) together. c) with other governmental subcommittees.
4. Military Forces cannot be used outside the country without the approval of …
a) the State Duma. b) the Federation Council. c) the President.
5. The power to impeach the President is vested in …
a) the Federation Council. b) the Constitutional Court. c) the State Duma.
6. Charges against the President can be brought by …
a) the Government. b) the Deputy Chairman. c) the State Duma.
7. The Prime Minister candidate is appointed by …
a) the State Duma. b) the Federation Council. c) the President.
8. The state of emergency is introduced by …
a) the Federation Council. b) the Prime Minister. c) the President.
9. The Security Council of Russia is headed by …
a) the Prime Minister. b) the Procurator-General. c) the President.
10). Ministers are subject to approval by …
a) local authorities. b) constituent entities. c) the Federal Assembly.
8. Прочитайте текст еще раз и определите, справедливы ли данные утверждения. Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. The Russian Federation was established by the Constitution of 1995.
2. The Government consists of the federal ministers only.
3. The authorities of the constituent entities don’t have the right to pass laws independently of the Federal Government.
4. Should the selected candidate be rejected three times, the President appoints the Prime Minister himself.
5. A draft budget is to be discussed by the State Duma.
6. To become a law a bill must be signed by the President.
7. Judges are subject to the President only.
8. The Prime Minister heads the Security Council of the Russian Federation.
9. In case of a conflict between federal and local authorities, the President uses consensual procedures to resolve the problem.
9. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.
1. What type of state is Russia?
2. Who is the head of the Russian Federation?
3. What are the three independent branches of state power in Russia?
4. What kind of a working body is the Federal Assembly?
5. Which chamber is more powerful?
6. Why are legislative and executive functions performed by different institutions?
7. Are these two establishments (the Government and the State Duma) equally important? Why?
8. Who does the Government consist of?
9. What is the aim of justice in Russia?
10. How does the judicial system function?
11. What are the functions of: a) the President; b) the Federal Assembly; c) the Government?
10. Переведите на английский язык.
1. Президент РФ является главой государства.
2. В соответствии с Конституцией Россия — это демократическое федеративное правовое государство с республиканской формой правления.
3. РФ состоит из 83 субъектов.
4. Исполнительная власть осуществляется правительством, которое состоит из Председателя Правительства (премьер-министра), заместителей Председателя и федеральных министров.
5. Премьер-министр назначается президентом с согласия Государственной Думы.
6. Судебная система функционирует независимо от других ветвей власти.
7. В современном правоведении выделяют 2 формы правления — монархия и республика, и 3 формы государственного устройства — федерация, конфедерация и унитарное государство.
8. Президент избирается на должность гражданами РФ на основе прямого и равного избирательного права тайным голосованием.
9. Правительство обеспечивает государственную безопасность.
10. Правительство проводит единую государственную политику в области культуры, науки и образования.
11. Судьи независимы и подчиняются только Конституции Российской Федерации и федеральным законам.
12. а) Прочитайте текст и заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу словами из рамки.
chairman, office, secret ballot, a term, in succession, nominated, supporters, performing, elections, impeachment |
Elections
The political system established by the Constitution of 1993 provides the President with substantial superiority over other branches of the state. The President is elected to the office for … of four years by the citizens of the Russian Federation on the basis of universal, direct and equal suffrage by … . In December 2008 the term was extended to 6 years. No one may hold … for more than two terms … . Russia has a multiparty system with one dominant party United Russia. Presently there are four parties that make up the State Duma: the United Russia, the Communist Party of the Russian Federation, the Liberal Democratic Party of Russia, the Just Russia. A candidate for the President of the Russian Federation can be … by a political party or by the candidate personally. In the later case the candidate must have an initiative group of 500 … . A candidate who receives more than one half of the votes is considered elected. The President stops … his duties ahead of time if he resigns, because of … , or if he cannot continue to carry out his duties due to poor health. … of a new President are to take place within 3 months and in the meantime his duties are acted upon by the … of the Government of the Russian Federation.
б) Расскажите о выборах Президента Российской Федерации.
13. Работа в парах.
1. Расскажите о государственном устройстве и политической системе России. Укажите преимущества и недостатки. Аргументируйте свою точку зрения. 2. Хотели бы вы стать Президентом Российской Федерации, членом Парламента или политиком? Какие меры по совершенствованию системы управления страной вы бы предложили?
__________________________________________________________
2. THE UK SYSTEM OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT
Vocabulary
1. to run a country — управлять страной
2. to raise finance — обеспечивать финансирование, привлекать средства
3. statutory law — право, выраженное в законах, статутное право, писаный закон
4. common law — общее право, неписаный закон, обязательность которого основывается на всеобщем признании
5. universal suffrage — всеобщее избирательное право
6. parliamentary constituency — избирательный округ по выборам в парламент
7. the Royal Proclamation — официальное сообщение по общему вопросу
8. to alter the constitution — изменить конституцию
9. an absolute monarchy — абсолютная/неограниченная монархия
10. revision — пересмотр
11. to remain responsible to smb — оставаться ответственным перед кем-то
https://onlinetestpad.com/ru/test/324163-the-united-kingdom
1. Просмотрите текст и озаглавьте каждый абзац, используя следующие заголовки.
UK Government. General Elections. Introduction. Cabinet Government. Judiciary. Parties. Parliament.
The United Kingdom is a unitary state and a democratic constitutional monarchy.
The constitution is uncodified, being made up of constitutional conventions and various elements of statutory law. The Monarch is Head of State and the Prime Minister is the head of Government.
The Sovereign formally appoints the Prime Minister, who, by convention, is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons. Other ministers are appointed by the Sovereign on the advice of the Prime Minister. They make up the Government and act as political heads of the various Government Departments.
The UK has a cabinet Government. They meet weekly to run the country, while the British Parliament is in session. The UK Cabinet has collective responsibility for decision-making. no Cabinet minister can oppose it. Although the executive power is exercised by Her Majesty’s Government, all the ministers remain responsible to the UK Parliament.
The UK Parliament is the United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body. The main function of Parliament is to pass laws and raise finance through taxation. It consists of the Queen and the two chambers of Parliament, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The House of Commons is a representative body consisting of 650 Members of Parliament (MPs) elected by a system of universal suffrage. The House of Lords is not elected. It is not allowed to amend in any way certain bills passed by the House of Commons and has limited powers of revision or delay over others.
Great Britain has a long judicial history. The judiciary is an independent body. The United Kingdom doesn’t have a single unified judicial system. Today the UK has three distinct systems of law: English law, Northern Ireland law and Law of Scotland. Both English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law are based on common-law principles. The essence of common law is that law is made by judges sitting in courts, applying their common sense and knowledge of legal precedent to the facts before them. Law of Scotland, a hybrid system based on both common-law and civil-law principles, is applied in Scotland.
For electoral purposes Britain is divided into parliamentary constituencies. General elections must be called within five years. They are held following a dissolution of Parliament. The Prime Minister asks the Monarch to dissolve Parliament by Royal Proclamation. Traditionally the date of general elections is not fixed in advance, and the time is chosen by the governing party to maximize political advantages. Voting is by secret ballot and takes place on Polling Day. Since 1935 every general election has been held on a Thursday by universal suffrage.
The voters in the United Kingdom also elect members of the European Parliament on a broadly proportional system of voting.
The UK is sometimes called a “two-and-a-half” party system, because parliamentary politics is dominated by the Labour Party and Conservative Party, with the Liberal Democrats holding a significant number of seats (but still less than Labour and the Conservatives) and several small parties. The party in power requires the support of the people it governs. Without this most basic requirement, a government will find it hard to function effectively. If a party loses an election, it will confirm the right of the victorious party to exercise power. It will not deny its right to govern.
2. Прочитайте текст и закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.
1. The constitution of the United Kingdom is made up of … .
2. The Executive power is exercised by … .
3. The United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body is … .
4. The United Kingdom doesn’t have a single unified judicial system … .
5. The essence of common law is … .
6. For electoral purposes Britain is divided into … .
7. General elections take place on … .
8. The UK is a multi-party system and it is sometimes called a two-anda-half party system … .
3. Выразите согласие/несогласие, используя следующие речевые модели.
Model:
a) I quite/completely/fully/entirely agree, that’s right.
b) I disagree, I can’t agree, I don’t think so, it’s wrong/ false, on the contrary.
1. The United Kingdom is both a constitutional monarchy and a democracy. 2. The British Constitution is written. It is set out in an official handbook which anyone can buy and study. 3. Though the Monarch is Head of State but in practice the Queen reigns, she doesn’t rule. 4. The Queen, the Lords and the Commons form the Parliament. It means that they all act together. 5. The House of Lords is a very powerful body. 6. The House of Commons is directly elected by the people of Britain and general elections must take place at least every five years. 7. The UK exists under a “one-party system” because parliamentary politics is dominated by the Conservative Party only.
4. Укажите, какие предложения содержат информацию из текста.
1. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy.
2. The Queen stands outside the Government as a symbol of country’s unity.
3. The executive power is exercised by the Prime Minister who is the leader of the majority party in the House of Commons.
4. The Prime Minister is the Queen’s chief adviser and his opinions shape the whole of Government policy.
5. Although the executive power is exercised by Her Majesty’s Government, all the ministers remain responsible to the UK Parliament.
6. The UK doesn’t have a single unified system. Today the UK has three distinct systems of law.
7. According to the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 the House of Lords was replaced as the final court of appeal on civil cases within the United Kingdom on October 1, 2009, by the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom.
8. General elections are held following a dissolution of Parliament. The Prime Minister asks the Monarch to dissolve Parliament by Royal Proclamation.
9. Britain has a two-party system. Each of the parties represented in the House of Commons maintains its own organization within Parliament in order to keep its members informed about parliamentary business and to maintain its parliamentary voting strength.
10. If a party loses an election, it will confirm the right of the victorious party to exercise power.
5. Ответьте на одиннадцать What вопросов по содержанию текста.
1. What is the United Kingdom?
2. In what way is the British Constitution different from the constitutions of many other countries?
3. What makes up the Government?
4. What is the role of the UK Cabinet Government?
5. What kind of body is the UK Parliament?
6. What two main duties does the Parliament perform?
7. What does the UK Parliament consist of?
8. What is the judiciary?
9. What systems of law does the UK have?
10. What is Britain divided into for electoral purposes?
11. What parties is parliamentary policies dominated by?
6. Соотнесите словосочетания в левой колонке с их определениями из правой колонки.
1) constitutional convention 2) to run a country 3) statutory law 4) common law 5) universal suffrage 6) the Royal Proclamation 7) parliamentary constituency
| a) a public or official announcement dealing with a matter of great importance, having the status of a king or queen b) the right of almost all adults to vote in political elections c) the part of English law that is derived from custom and judicial precedent d) to rule a country e) an informal and unmodified procedural agreement f) a group of voters in a specified area who elect a representative to a legislative body g) a law established by legislative enactment
|
7. Передайте содержание текста The system of Government of the United Kingdom, отметив следующее.
– What the United Kingdom is;
– Who is Head of State and the head of Government;
– Who exercises the executive power;
– What the United Kingdom’s supreme legislative body is;
– What the judiciary is;
– When general elections are held;
– Why the UK is sometimes called a “two-and-a-half” party system.
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3. THE US SYSTEM OF STATE AND GOVERNMENT
Vocabulary
1. the system of checks and balances — система сдержек и противовесов
2. to be vested in the Supreme Court — быть возложенным на Верховный Суд
3. the electoral college — коллегия выборщиков
4. judicial review — судебный пересмотр, судебный контроль
5. a major political party — главная политическая партия
6. voter-turn-out — явка избирателей
7. “winner-take-all” principle — принцип «победителю достается все»
8. to reign supreme — царствовать
1. Прочитайте текст и найдите подтверждение следующим предложениям.
1. Конституция США — это живой документ.
2. Конгресс является законодательной властью в США.
3. Исполнительная власть обеспечивает организацию исполнения законов, и президент должен выполнять правительственные программы.
4. Верховный суд является высшей судебной инстанцией в стране.
5. В США есть две наиболее крупные политические партии.
6. В различных штатах США выборы проводят по-разному.
Government of the United States is based on a written constitution. This constitution consists of a Preamble, seven Articles, and 27 Amendments. From this document, the entire federal government was created. It is a living document whose interpretation has changed over time. The amendment process is such that while not easily amended, US citizens are able to make necessary changes over time.
Three Branches of Government. The USA is a presidential republic. The US Constitution was adopted by Congress in 1787. The Constitution created three separate branches of government. Each branch has its own powers and areas of influence. At the same time, the Constitution created a system of checks and balances that ensured no one branch would reign supreme. The three branches are:
Legislative Branch. This branch consists of the Congress (the Senate and the House of Representatives) which is responsible for making the federal laws. The Congress can pass the law anyway if it gets a two-thirds majority votes. The President can veto (reject) it. Congress also plays an informative role. It informs the public about different and important subjects.
Executive Branch. The executive power lies with the President of the United States who is given the job of executing, enforcing, and administering the laws and government. The president is to carry out the programmes of the Government, to recommend much of the legislation to the Congress.
Judicial Branch. The judicial power of the United States is vested in the Supreme Court — the highest judicial organ of the state and the federal courts. Their job is to interpret and apply US laws through cases brought before them. Another important power of the Supreme Court is that of Judicial Review whereby they can rule laws unconstitutional.
The Constitution is built on six basic principles: Popular Sovereignty; Limited Government; Separation of Powers; Checks and Balances; Judicial Review; Federalism.
Political Process. While the Constitution sets up the system of government, the actual way in which the offices of Congress and the Presidency are filled is based upon the American political system. The US exists under a two-party system. The two major parties in America are the Democratic and Republican parties. Sometimes, a special issue produces a third party, but the third party often loses strength. Parties perform a wide variety of functions. They act as coalitions and attempt to win elections.
Elections. In the United States elections are held at all levels including local, state, and federal. There are numerous differences from locality to locality and state to state. Even when determining the presidency, there is some variation with how the electoral college (a body of people representing the states of the USA, the system that is used in presidential elections) is determined from state to state. While voter-turn-out is barely over 50% during Presidential election years and much lower than that during midterm elections, elections can be hugely important.
2. Закончите предложения в соответствии с содержанием текста.
1. The Constitution of the USA consists of …
2. The Constitution created …
3. The President of the USA is given the job of …
4. The judicial branch of the government is the system of courts in the USA. Its job is …
5. The USA exists under a two-party system. Sometimes, a special issue produces a third party, but …
6. Elections are held in the United States at all levels …
3. Выразите согласие/несогласие со следующими утверждениями, используя известные вам речевые модели.
1. The Constitution of the USA consists of 27 Amendments.
2. A written constitution is a living document. It can be altered with ease.
3. The Constitution created three separate branches of government.
4. Congress, the legislative branch of the federal government, is made up of an upper house, called the Federation Council, and a lower house, the State Duma.
5. Power is concentrated in the executive branch, which is headed by the President who is given the job of executing, enforcing and administering the laws and the government.
6. The judicial power of the United States is vested in the US District Courts.
7. The two major parties in America are the Democrats and the Republicans. They perform a wide variety of functions.
8. Elections are held at all levels and there are numerous differences in registration laws from locality to locality and state to state.
4. Укажите, какие предложения содержат информацию из текста.
1. The Constitution and the Bill of Rights illustrated two different sides of American political life.
2. The Constitution was adopted by Congress in 1789.
3. In 1791 two amendments were made to the Constitution.
4. The USA is a presidential republic.
5. There are 100 Senators, two from each state in the Senate and 435 members in the House of Representatives.
6. The President of the United States is elected for a term of four years by electors of each state, must be a native born citizen, resident in the country for 14 years and at least 35 years old.
7. The Supreme Court — the highest judicial organ of the state has the power of Judicial Review.
8. The two political parties in America act as coalitions and attempt to win elections.
9. Almost all elections in the United States follow the “winner-take-all” principle: the candidate who wins the largest number of votes in a Congressional district is the winner.
5. Выберите правильный вариант ответа.
1. What is the United States of America?
a) an absolute monarchy b) a federation of states c) a presidential republic
2. What does the Constitution of the USA consist of?
a) a Preamble, ten Articles, thirty Amendments
b) a Preamble, seven Articles, twenty seven Amendments
c) statutes, customs, constitutional conventions
3. How many branches is the Government in the United States divided into?
a) two b) three c) four
4. How is the legislative branch of the Government called?
a) Parliament b) Congress c) the Supreme Court
5. What branch of the Government has the responsibility to carry out the law?
a) the executive branch b) the legislative branch c) the judicial branch
6. What branch of the Government is the most powerful?
a) legislative b) executive c) judicial
7. What is the highest executive power in the United States?
a) the President b) the House of Representatives c) the Senate
8. What does the judicial branch do?
a) makes and passes laws b) interprets and applies US laws c) executes, enforces and administers laws
9. What party system does the United States have?
a) a one-party system b) a multi-party system c) a two-party system
6. Прочитайте, на каких шести принципах была создана конституция США, и назовите их.
Since the people give government its power, government itself is restrained to the power given to it by them. In other words the US government doesn’t derive its power from itself. It must follow its own laws and it can only act using powers given to it by the people.
In order to protect citizens, the constitution sets up the system of government with balanced powers to make compromise and consensus necessary. This system limits the duties of each branch and separates powers for each branch. Basically, each branch of government has a certain number of checks it can use to ensure the other branches do not become too powerful.
The US Government is divided into three branches so that no one branch has all the power. Each branch has its own purpose: to make the laws, execute the laws and to interpret the laws.
This principle is one of the most complicated foundations of the US. This is the idea that the central government doesn’t control all the power in the nation. States also have powers reserved to them. Central government exercises exclusively such powers as defence and matters of state security, whereas the regions exercise power over such things as planning, regional development and taxation. This principle states that the source of governmental power lies with the people. The Government of the United States is truly national in character and should be for the benefit of its citizens. If the Government is not protecting the people, it should be dissolved.
This power allows the Supreme Court to decide whether acts and laws are unconstitutional. This was established with Marbury v. Madisonin 1803.
7. Соотнесите английские словосочетания в левой колонке с их эквивалентами из правой колонки.
1) “winner-take-all” principle 2) an absolute monarchy 3) the system of checks and balances 4) to be vested in the Supreme Court 5) the electoral college 6) Judicial Review 7) to alter the constitution 8) federal state 9) voter-turn-out 10) a major political party 11) unitary state | a) унитарное государство b) коллегия выборщиков c) явка избирателей d) судебный пересмотр e) федеральное государство f) принцип «победителю достается все» g) неограниченная монархия h) главная политическая партия i) быть возложенным на Верховный Суд j) система сдержек и противовесов k) изменить конституцию |
8. Составьте аннотацию к тексту (не более 10—12 предложений). Используйте предложенный ниже план.
1) System/form of government.
2) The US Constitution.
3) Branches of power (legislative, executive, judicial).
4) Six basic principles of the US Constitution.
5) The two major parties in America.
6) Elections.
Ролевая игра
Урок — конференция. Тема: «Формы государственного устройства Российской Федерации, США, Великобритании».
Играют три команды, представляющие делегации из Российской Федерации, Соединенных Штатов Америки и Великобритании.
Для проведения конференции необходимо выбрать председателя.
При подготовке к конференции следует повторить материалы изученных текстов и найти дополнительную информацию из других источников: Интернета, газет The Moscow News, The Moscow Times.
Готовясь к конференции, обратите внимание на следующие вопросы.
1. Существующие формы правления.
2. Формы государственного устройства.
3. Функции трех ветвей власти.
4. Политические партии.
5. Избирательные системы.
6. Государство и личность.
Участники делегаций готовят свои выступления самостоятельно. На занятии каждому из представителей дается слово.
Чтобы изложить и аргументировать свою точку зрения, используйте предложенные речевые модели.
1. Let me tell you about … — Разрешите сказать вам о …
2. It’s important to say that … — Важно сказать, что …
3. It’s necessary to note that … — Необходимо отметить …
4. I would like to draw your attention to …. — Я хотел бы привлечь ваше внимание к …
5. I’ m well aware of … — Я хорошо знаю о …
6. I’d like to add that … — Я хотел бы добавить, что …
7. I fully/quite agree with you … — Я с вами полностью согласен.
8. I agree with neither side. — Я не соглашусь ни с одной из сторон.
9. So … — Итак, таким образом …
10. In conclusion, I want to underline … — В заключение я хочу подчеркнуть …
11. Summing up … — Подводя итог …
В конце председатель подводит итоги конференции.
Повторение грамматики.
Модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты
(Modal Verbs and Expressions)
Can — may — must — need — should — would — ought to — to have to — to be to — shall
to be obliged to
Ответьте на вопросы.
1. Какой модальный глагол выражает вежливый совет или рекомендацию?
2. Какой модальный глагол служит для описания правил и требований закона?
3. Какой модальный глагол выражает настоятельную необходимость?
4. После каких модальных глаголов не употребляется частица to?
Значение модальных глаголов и их эквивалентов
Модальные глаголы обозначают не действие, a
· возможность или способность совершения действия;
· разрешение, позволение;
· вероятность, предположение;
· необходимость;
· долженствование.
1. Прочитайте предложения, объясните значения модальных глаголов can/could, must, to have to, to be to, may/might, should, ought to, shall, to be obliged to и переведите на русский язык.
1. The laws of the subjects of the Russian Federation cannot contradict federal laws.
2. Bills may be introduced by individual MPs, they are debated in the Commons usually on Fridays.
3. To become a law a bill must be approved by both chambers and signed by the President.
4. The President can veto a bill.
5. Can the state system of a particular country be changed?
6. The House of Representatives can also impeach the President.
7. The President is to carry out the programmes of the Government.
8. All citizens of the Russian Federation shall enjoy equal rights.
9. The Monarch must give the Royal Assent before a Bill can become a legal enactment (Act of Parliament).
10. The British are divided on the issue whether the Monarchy should last.
11. The Speaker of the House of Commons has to be completely impartial.
12. Students ought to treat professors with respect.
13. Shall I pay the rent monthly? No, you needn’t. We charge rental payments once a year.
14. You should do your best to learn legal terminology.
15. Trade secret needn’t be registered.
16. All citizens are obliged to observe laws.
17. The US President shall be elected every 4 years.
2. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты.
1. Do you believe all people, including high-ranking officials, … obey the law?
2. An unwritten Constitution … be easily changed.
3. What courses of law … be included for advanced students?
4. Parliament … not follow a special procedure to alter any constitutional laws.
5. General election … be called within five years.
6. Who … veto a bill?
7. The US President appoints the justices, but the Senate … approve them.
8. The law … not contradict the Constitution.
9. The government really … do something about unemployment.
10. In a civil case a claimant … prove the guilt of a defendant “beyond reasonable doubt”.
11. Why … trade secret not be disclosed?
3. Заполните пропуски подходящими по смыслу модальными глаголами и их эквивалентами: 1. — … I take the document? — No, you ....
2. — ... you work as a detective? — Not yet.
3. The trial ... to begin at 10 o’clock.
4. She believes that the judge ... discharge him.
5. You ... tell him that we need his assistance.
6. The investigator was very tired, he ... to stop the cross-examination.
7. The witness ... answer the barrister’s questions during the cross-examination.
8. When the examination of witnesses is over, the judge … to sum up the evidence for the jury.
4. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1. В британских школах дети должны носить форму.
2. Все граждане обязаны соблюдать законы общества, в котором они живут.
3. Свидетель должен прийти в кабинет следователя в 9 часов утра.
4. Вы обязаны помогать вашим пожилым родителям.
5. Вам следует просмотреть все вещественные доказательства еще раз.
6. Судьи обязаны действовать в соответствии с законом.
7. В наши дни члены общества не должны жить по законам джунглей.
8. Могу я попросить вас описать этот случай?
5. Работа в парах.
Соотнесите английские предложения в левой колонке с соответствующими русскими предложениями из правой колонки. Закрывая попеременно колонки, проверьте друг у друга перевод предложений.
1. The US President appoints the justices to the Supreme Court, but the Senate must approve them. 2. A constitutional amendment can only be carried if a very substantial majority, both in Congress and the individual states, approve it. 3. A representative must be at least 25 years old, a citizen of the United States for 7 years, and a resident of that state in which he shall be chosen. 4. Nowadays the following cases can be tried by jury: libel, malicious prosecution, false imprisonment, fraud. 5. A candidate for the President of the Russian Federation can be nominated by a political party or by the candidate personally. 6. The US government must follow its own laws and it can only act using powers given to it by the people.
| a. Кандидат в Президенты Российской Федерации может быть выдвинут политической партией или лично самим кандидатом. b. Правительство США должно следовать собственным законам, и оно может действовать, только используя полномочия, данные ему народом. c. Президент США назначает судей в Верховный суд, а cенат должен их утвердить. d. Поправка может быть внесена в Конституцию лишь в том случае, когда она получает одобрение большинства как в Конгрессе, так и в каждом штате. e. В настоящее время суд присяжных может рассматривать дела о клевете, злонамеренном судебном преследовании, неправомерном лишении свобод и мошенничестве. f. Членом палаты представителей может быть избран любой гражданин не моложе 25 лет. Он должен быть гражданином США в течение 7 лет и проживать в том штате, в котором будет избираться. |
6. Выразите свое отношение к высказываниям в левой колонке, используя фразы из правой.
1. You must observe your University’s Charter. 2. You should make your CV easy to read. 3. All citizens have to pay taxes. 4. You mustn’t give false evidence in a court. 5. You shouldn’t try to bypass the law.
| a. I think it’s a bad thing to do. b. Do it because it’s the law. c. Don’t do it. It isn’t allowed. It’s against the law. d. Do it. I think it’s very important. e. I think it’s a good thing to do it.
|
7. Вставьте модальные глаголы must, have to, should. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Must, have to, should
Must/have to — выражают необходимость или обязанность. Эти два глагола очень близки по значению.
Must — основные значения.
1. Необходимость с точки зрения говорящего.
I must inform the police about this road accident.
Я должен (я считаю необходимым) сообщить в полицию об этом дорожном происшествии.
2. Настоятельная рекомендация.
You must follow the lawyer’s advice.
Вы обязательно должны последовать советам юриста.
3. Приказ.
Witnesses must testify under oath.
Свидетели должны давать показания под присягой.
Have to — выражает необходимость, вызванную внешними обстоятельствами, а также обязанность, вытекающую из правил и требований закона.
Both parties of the agreement have to perform their obligations.
Обе стороны соглашения обязаны выполнять их обязательства.
Should — употребляется для выражения вежливого совета или рекомендации.
I think, you should complain to the higher authority.
Я считаю, что вы должны (вам следует) пожаловаться в вышестоящую инстанцию.
1. The court … establish a person’s guilt on the basis of facts.
2. The government … give the police great powers to combat crime.
3. Judges … be fair.
4. On the one hand, laws … be just. On the other hand, morality needs laws to uphold rights and punish wrongs.
5. Many companies … employ lawyers to ensure that their contracts are valid.
6. Contracts … be either written or oral.
7. You have violated the law and … pay a fine.
8. … the victim identify his assailant?
9. In civil cases the jury … decide on the amount of damages to be awarded to the plaintiff.
GLOSSARY
authority to authorize to administer justice electoral to ensure rights and freedoms of citizens head | 1) власть, полномочие; полнота власти; сфера компетенции; 1) уполномочивать, давать право; 2) санкционировать, pазрешать; 3) легализовать, узаконить отправлять правосудие обеспечивать, гарантировать права и свободы граждан руководитель, начальник |
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