WHAT ARE YOUR HUMAN RIGHTS?
LET’S START WITH SOME BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS DEFINITIONS:
HUMAN: NOUN
A MEMBER OF THE HOMO SAPIENS SPECIES; A MAN, WOMAN OR CHILD; A PERSON.
RIGHTS: NOUN
THINGS TO WHICH YOU ARE ENTITLED OR ALLOWED; FREEDOMS THAT ARE GUARANTEED.
HUMAN RIGHTS: NOUN
THE RIGHTS YOU HAVE SIMPLY BECAUSE YOU ARE HUMAN.
WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death. They apply regardless of where you are from, what you believe or how you choose to live your life.
They can never be taken away, although they can sometimes be restricted – for example if a person breaks the law, or in the interests of national security.
These basic rights are based on shared values like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and independence.
These values are defined and protected by law.
LET’S START WITH SOME BASIC HUMAN RIGHTS DEFINITIONS:
HUMAN: NOUN
A MEMBER OF THE HOMO SAPIENS SPECIES; A MAN, WOMAN OR CHILD; A PERSON.
RIGHTS: NOUN
THINGS TO WHICH YOU ARE ENTITLED OR ALLOWED; FREEDOMS THAT ARE GUARANTEED.
HUMAN RIGHTS: NOUN
THE RIGHTS YOU HAVE SIMPLY BECAUSE YOU ARE HUMAN.
Human rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person in the world, from birth until death.
They can never be taken away, although they can sometimes be restricted – for example if a person breaks the law, or in the interests of national security.
These basic rights are based on shared values like dignity, fairness, equality, respect and independence.
These values are defined and protected by law.
The atrocities of the Second World War made the protection of human rights an international priority.
The United Nations was founded in 1945.
The United Nations allowed more than 50 Member States to contribute to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted in 1948.
This was the first attempt to set out at a global level the fundamental rights and freedoms shared by all human beings.
Watch our video on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights formed the basis for the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950.
British lawyers played a key role in drafting the European Convention on Human Rights, with Winston Churchill heavily involved.
It protects the human rights of people in countries that belong to the Council of Europe, including the UK.
The Human Rights Act 1998 made the rights set out by the European Convention on Human Rights part of our domestic law.
The Human Rights Act means that courts in the United Kingdom can hear human rights cases.
Before it was passed, people had to take their complaints to the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg, France.
WHERE DO HUMAN RIGHTS COME FROM?
The idea that human beings should have a set of basic rights and freedoms has deep roots in Britain.
Landmark developments in Britain include:
- the Magna Carta of 1215
- the Habeas Corpus Act of 1679
- the Bill of Rights of 1689
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Human rights – права человека
to require limitations – ввести ограничения, требовать ограничений
The problem of human rights is а matter of liberties rather than of rights. – (зд.)
according to… - по словам, по мнению (кого-либо)
the United Nations Organization – Организация Объединенных Наций
to proclaim - провозглашать
Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Всеобщая декларация прав человека
the Council of Europe – Совет Европы
to adopt – принять (конвенцию, декларацию)
All societies require limitations upon total individual freedom to do, say, write, meet, etc. It is also true to say that any civilized society tries to maximize an individual’s liberty and to minimize the restriction upon an individual’s freedom.
The problem of human rights is a matter of liberties rather than of rights. According to Professor Williams a liberty means any situation when an act or omission is not a breach of a duty. A right exists where there is a positive law on the subject; a liberty exists where there is no law against it.
In English law there is no written constitution nor any Bill of Rights to enshrine individual freedoms. In international law there are some agreements, treaties, conventions and so on which governments drew up after the Second World War to protect and increase civil liberties. The General Assembly of the United Nations Organization proclaimed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on December 10, 1948. A few years later the Council of Europe adopted the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The convention came into force on September 3, 1953.
1. Пытается ли общество ограничить свободы граждан?
2. Пытается ли цивилизованное общество расширить свободы граждан?
3. Является ли вопрос о правах человека в большей степени проблемой свобод нежели прав?
4. Существует ли в английском праве конституция или какой-либо документ подобный Биллю о правах?
5. Какие международные конвенции, договора о защите прав человека и основных свобод Вы помните? Когда они были приняты?
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human rights; limitations; the restriction;
written constitution; individual freedoms; proclaimed; agreements, treaties,
conventions; adopted; a breach of a duty; came into force; according to |
2. Any civilized society tries to minimize … upon an individual’s freedom.
3. The problem of … is a matter of liberties rather than of rights.
4. In English law there is no … .
5. In English law there is not any Bill of Rights to enshrine … .
6. In international law there are some … for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms.
7. The United Nations Organization … the Universal Declaration of Human Rights on 10 December, 1948.
8. The Council of Europe … the European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in 1953.
9. The European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms … on 3 September, 1953.
10. … Professor Williams a liberty means any occasion on which an act or omission is not … .
IV. Переведите следующие словосочетания и предложения с русского языка на английский:
1. права человека; цивилизованное общество; расширить свободы граждан; довести до минимума ограничения свобод граждан; по мнению (кого-либо); нарушение закона (невыполнение обязательства); обеспечивать свободы личности; международное право; составлять документы; соглашение; договор; конвенция; Вторая мировая война; Организация Объединенных Наций; защищать и расширять гражданские права; провозглашать; Всеобщая декларация прав человека; Совет Европы; Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод; вступить в силу.
2. Вопрос о правах человека в большей степени является проблемой свобод нежели прав.
3. По мнению профессора Уильямса, свобода означает любые условия, при которых действие или бездействие не являются нарушением закона.
4. Любое цивилизованное общество пытается расширить свободы граждан и довести до минимума ограничения свобод граждан.
5. Свобода существует там, где нет закона, ее ограничивающего.
6. Генеральная Ассамблея Объединенных Наций провозгласила Всеобщую декларацию прав человека в 1948 году.
7. Совет Европы принял Европейскую Конвенция о защите прав человека и основных свобод в 1953 году.
V. Составьте предложения, используя следующие слова и словосочетания:
1. meet; all societies; to do; require; say; limitations upon; write; total individual freedom.
2. exists; a right; a positive law; where; there is; on the subject.
3. where; a liberty; there is; exists; no law; against it.
4. English law; there is; individual freedoms; no written constitution; to enshrine; in.
5. human rights; international law; there are; in; some conventions; for the protection of.
6. drew up; governments; a few conventions; civil liberties; the Second World War; after; to protect; increase; and.
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THE DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS
Human Rights and Humanitarian Assistance
1. the pursuit of human rights – соблюдение прав человека
2. atrocities – злодеяния, зверства
3. human rights violations – нарушение прав человека
5. to take up
human rights issues – рассматривать вопросы прав человека
6. high-profile positions – высокие посты
7. indigenous peoples – коренное население
1.
Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.
1. What was the central reason for creating the UN?
2. When was the Universal Declaration of Human rights
adopted?
3. What principles enshrined in the Declaration are
being implemented by the UN and its agencies?
4. What is the purpose of the United Nations Human
Rights Council?
5. What does the Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples outline?
6. What does the Declaration on the Rights of
Indigenous Peoples prohibit?
The
pursuit of human rights was the central reason for creating the UN, World War
II atrocities and genocide led to a ready consensus that the new organization
must work to prevent any similar tragedies in the future. An early objective
was creating a legal framework for considering and acting on complaints about
human rights violations. The UN Charter obliges all member nations to promote
“universal respect for, and observance of, “human rights” and to take “joint
and separate action” to that end. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights,
though not legally binding, was adopted by the General Assembly in 1948. The
Assembly regularly takes up human rights issues.
The
UN and its agencies are implementing the principles enshrined in the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights. A case in point is support by the UN for countries
in transition to democracy, technical assistance in providing free and fair
elections, improving judicial structures, drafting constitutions, training
human rights officials. The UN has helped run elections in countries with
little democratic history, including recently in Afghanistan and East Timor.
The UN is also a forum to support the right of women to participate fully in
the political, economic, and social life of their countries. The UN contributes
to raising consciousness of the concept of human rights through its covenants
and its attention to specific abuses through its General Assembly, Security
Council resolutions, or International Court of Justice rulings.
The
purpose of the United Nations Human Rights Council, established in 2006, is to
address human rights violations. The Council is the successor to the United
Nations Commission on Human Rights, which was often criticised for the
high-profile positions it gave to member states that did not guarantee the
human rights of their own citizens. The council has 47 members distributed by
region, each serve a three year term, and may not serve three consecutive terms.
A candidate to the body must be approved by a majority of the General Assembly.
The
rights of some 370 million indigenous peoples around the world is also a focus
for the UN, with the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples being
approved by the General Assembly in 2007. The declaration outlines the
individual and collective rights to culture, language, education, identity,
employment and health, thereby addressing post-colonial issues which have
confronted indigenous peoples for centuries. The declaration aims to maintain,
strengthen and encourage the growth of indigenous institutions, cultures and
traditions. It also prohibits discrimination against indigenous peoples and
promotes their active participation in matters which concern their past,
present and future.
In conjunction with other
organizations such as the Red Cross, the UN provides food, drinking water,
shelter and other humanitarian services to populaces suffering from famine,
displaced by war, or afflicted by other disasters. Major humanitarian branches
of the UN are World Food Programme (which helps feed more than 100 million
people a year in 80 countries), the office of the High Commissioner for
Refugees with projects in over 116 countries, as well as peacekeeping projects
in over 24 countries.
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2. Соотнесите русские словосочетания с их 1. The United Nations Human Rights Council 2. The United Nations Commission on Human Rights 3. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights 4. The Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 5. The Red Cross 6. World Food Programme 7. The High Commissioner for Refugees 8. Rule of law |
английскими
эквивалентами. a) господство права b) Декларация о правах
коренного населения c) Совет ООН по правам
человека d) Красный Крест e) Всемирная
Продовольственная Программа f) Комиссар ООН по вопросам
беженцев g) Комиссия ООН по правам
человека h) Декларация прав человека |
3. Определите, справедливы
данные высказывания или нет. Исправьте неверные утверждения.
1. The Universal Declaration
of Human Rights was adopted by the Security Council in 1945.
2. The UN Charter obliges all
member nations to promote respect for and observance of human rights.
3. The UN does not support the
rights of women.
4. The UN Human Rights Council
was established in 2000.
5. The UN Commission on Human
Rights was criticized for not taking up human rights issues regularly.
6. The Declaration of Human Rights of Indigenous Peoples does not
promote the active participation in matters which concern their life
4. Прочитайте первые 10
статей Декларации прав человека. Вставьте в предложения пропущенные слова из
рамки.
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The Declaration of Human Rights сharge, detention, discrimination, exile, freedoms, law, liberty,
punishment, race, remedy, rights, slavery, tribunal, free |
Article 1
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights.
Article 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and _________________ set forth
in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as
_________________, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other status.
Article 3
Everyone has the right to life, ________________ and security of person.
Article 4
No one shall be held in __________ or servitude;
slavery and the slave and the slave trade shall be prohibited in all their
forms.
Article 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel,
inhuman or degrading treatment or ____________ .
Article 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a
person before the ________________ .
Article 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without
any ________________ to equal protection of the law.
Article 8
Everyone has the right to an effective ______________
by the competent national tribunals for acts violating the fundamental rights
granted him by the constitution or by law.
Article 9
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary arrest,
__________________ or ____________ .
Article 10
Everyone is entitled in full equality to a fair and
public hearing by an independent and impartial _______________, in the
determination of his ______________ and obligations and of any criminal
____________ against him.
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5. Найдите
в правой колонке определения к словам из левой колонки. 1) race 2) political 3) slavery 4) constitution 5) detention 6) tribunals 7) violation 8) liberty 9) fundamental 10) equal 11) rights 12) conscience 13) entitled 14) obligations 15) degrading 16) impartial 17) jurisdictional |
a) the same (adjective) b) the things that you should be allowed to have (noun) c) a feeling you have that you have done right or wrong (noun) d) to have the right to do or have something (verb) e) difference (noun) f) a group of people with distinct physical characteristics or culture
(noun) g) referring to government or party politics (adjective) h) having the legal power over someone or something (adjective) i) the act of limiting something (noun) j) the situation of being free (noun) k) the situation of being a person who belongs to someone and works
for them without payment (noun) l) the situation of having to work very hard for someone, usually in
poor conditions and with very time or no pay (noun) m) the buying and selling of people against their will (noun: 2 words)
n) to say that something must not happen (verb) |
6.
Ниже приведены статьи 11-20 Декларации прав человека. Прочитайте и в каждой статье выделите ключевую
фразу, отражающую содержание статьи.
(1) Everyone charged with a penal offence has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he/she has had all the guarantees necessary for his/her defence.
(2) No one shall be held guilty of any penal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a penal offence, under national or international law, at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the penal offence was committed.
Article 12
No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his/her privacy, family home or correspondence, nor to attacks upon his/her honour and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.
Article 13
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of movement and residence within the borders of each state.
(2) Everyone has the right to leave any country, including his/her own, and to return to his/her country.
(1) Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum from persecution.
(2) This right may not be invoked in the case of prosecutions genuinely arising from non-political crimes or from acts contrary to the purposes and principles of the United Nations.
(1) Everyone has the right to a nationality.
(2) No one shall be arbitrary deprived of his/her nationality nor denied the right to charge his/her nationality.
(1) Men and women of full age, without any limitation due to race, nationality or religion, have the right to marry and to found a family. They are entitled to equal rights as to marriage, and at its dissolution.
(2) Marriage shall be entered into only with the free and full consent of the intending spouses.
(3) The family is the natural and fundamental group unit of society and is entitled to protection by society and state.
(1) Everyone has the right to own property alone, as well as in association with others.
(2) No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his/her property.
Everyone has the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion: this right includes freedom to change his/her religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his/her religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance.
Article 19
Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression, this right includes freedom to hold opinions interference and to seek, receive and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers.
Article 20
(1) Everyone has the right to freedom of peaceful assembly and association.
(2) No one shall be compelled to belong to an association.
7. Ниже приведены статьи 21-30
Декларации прав человека. В правой колонке дается краткое содержание статей.
Найдите их полную версию в левой колонке.
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Article 21 Everyone has the right to
take part in their country’s political affairs either by belonging to the
government themselves or by choosing politicians who have the same ideas as
them. Elections should take place regularly and voting should be a secret.
Every adult should have the right to vote and all votes should be equal. Article 22 |
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paid the same amount of
money for doing the same job. Anyone can join a trade union. Article 24 Everyone has the right to a good life, with enough food, clothing, housing and healthcare. You should be helped if you are out of work, if you are ill, if you are old or if your husband or wife is dead. Women who are going to have a baby should receive special help. All children should have the same rights, whether their mother is married or unmarried. Article 26 Everyone has the right to go to school and should go to school. Primary schooling should be free. Everyone should be able to learn a profession or continue their studies as far as people. Every-one others from different races and backgrounds. Parents should have the right to choose how and what their children lean. Article 27 Everyone should have the right to share in their community`s arts and sciences. Works by artists, writers or scientists, should be protected benefit from them. Article 28 There should be an order to protect your rights. It should be both local and worldwide Article 29 Everyone should have duties to other people. Human rights should be observed and protected by everyone in a spirit of mutual respect Article 30 Nobody should take away these rights and freedoms from us. |
Right to adequate living standards. Right to social security. Duty to preserve other people’s rights and freedoms. Right to education. Free elections and the right to participate in government Right to participate in the cultural life of the community. Right to peace and other. |
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1. Children between
the age of 5 and 11 have to go to school, but their parents must pay for it.
2. A man has his
house broken into and his television stolen. He goes to the police but they
tell him to go away because they have more important things to do.
3. Archie White, a
magistrate, has his car stolen. The police arrest and charge the man they think
is responsible. The next day the man is taken to court for an initial hearing.
The chairman of the justices (the head magistrate) in the courtroom is Archie
White. He tells the members of the public that they have to leave the
courtroom.
4. Staff employed
by Kaput Computers have to start work at 7 in the morning and work until 7 in
the evening, with only a half hour break for lunch. They work from Monday to
Saturday, and do not get paid leave.
5. A couple wants
to have a baby. The government says that the country is overpopulated and tells
them that they cannot have a baby yet.
6. A new government tells all public servants
that they have to become a member of their political party. Anyone who refuse
will lose their job.
7.
John Doe is arrested because the police think he has killed someone. Before his
trial has begun, a popular newspaper publishes an article about him (complete
with photographs of his arrest) with the headline “Vicious murderer John Doe
caught!”
8.
Two friends, one white and one black, have been threatened with violence. They
go to the police to ask for protection. The police agree to help the white man,
but not the black man.
9.
A journalist writes a newspaper article explaining why he opposes his country`s
foreign policy. He is told by the government that he has become persona
non-grata, he must leave the country immediately and never return.
10.
A woman who lives in a capital city wants to visit her sick father, who lives
200 km away. She is told that she cannot leave the city to visit him.
11.
A poor man murders someone and is sent to prison. A rich man commits a murder
in similar circumstances but is allowed to go free.
12.
A robber is sent to prison for 5 years. While he is in prison, the government
confiscates all his belongings, and then destroys his house.
13.
A man travels to another country where he asks to stay because he is frightened
of remaining in his home country. He is immediately sent back to the country he
came from.
14.
The Republic of Istanata has never given women the right to vote.
15.
At a party, a woman tells a group of friends that she thinks the government of
her country is corrupt and incompetent. The next day she is arrested and never
seen again.
16.
A newspaper editor dislikes a famous popular actress, he publishes an article
about her. The article describes the actress as ‘ugly, stupid and unable to
act.’
17.
A group of about 200 people hold a meeting in a public building to discuss
their government’s policies. The police arrive and arrest them all.
18.
The government intercepts, opens and reads one of their key opponent’s letters
and other mail.
19.
A famous political author writes a book criticizing the police. She then leaves
her home to go on a tour to promote her book. While she is away, the police
start harassing her husband and children.
20.
A husband and wife get divorced. The law in their country says that in any
divorce case the man automatically gets custody of the children.
21.
A woman joins a trade union. The company she works for discovers this and
immediately dismisses her.
22.
A man loses his job and cannot find work. His country does not offer financial
support for people who are out of work.
23.
A 17-year-old boy murders someone a few days before his 18th birthday. He is
arrested, and six months later the case goes to court. His country has the
death penalty for murder if the murderer is 18 or over. The judge sentences him
to death and he is executed.
24.
A policeman does not like the look of a young man sitting on a park bench, so
arrests him, takes him to the police station and puts him in a police cell.
25.
The police suspect that a man is a member of a terrorist organization. They hit
him, deprive him of food, water and sleep, and burn him with cigarettes until
he confesses.
26.
A poor man borrows money from a wealthy factory owner. He is unable to pay the
money back. The factory owner takes the man’s 12 year-old son and makes him
work in the factory to pay off the debt.
27.
A new government closes all the churches, temples, mosques and synagogues in
its country, and forbids anyone from attending services there.
28.
A family want to take a holiday abroad, and apply for passports. They are told
that they cannot have passports and cannot go abroad.
29. Mr. Smith and Ms Jones do
exactly the same job for the same company. They have the same qualifications and
the same experience. Mr. Smith receives $35000 a year, and Ms. Jones receives
$28000 a year.
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